The great influx of people from what was the Trentino
region of Austria before World War I was driven by economics. After World War I when the Tyrolean Trentino region
was awarded to Italy, lack of a way to earn an agrarian living only exacerbated
the already entrenched out-migration of young people leaving for America.
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Photo
credit: josef.stuefer/Foter.com/CC BY
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According to Bonifacio Bolognani, the author of A Courageous People from the Dolomites,
most Trentini immigrants settled in Hazelton and Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania. West Virginia and Ohio received immigrants
from Trent, as well as gold and silver mines and coal mines in Colorado. The coal mines of Wyoming, especially in
Superior, welcomed a large contingent of people from Val di Non, which is from where
both of my maternal grandparents emigrated.
As Phil Roberts says on his website A New History of
Wyoming, “Even before there were cowboys in the ‘Cowboy State’ there was
coal.” Trappers and explorers found, and
burned coal. Surveying a route across
the mountains for the army, Captain Howard H. Stansbury saw and recorded the
presence of bituminous coal in the sandstone rock hillsides of present day Rock
Springs.
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credit: Rock Springs sign by Georgio_flickr
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Although the original route of the Union Pacific was
farther north, Blackfeet, Arikara, and Sioux warriors drove the company to a
more southern route controlled by the Shoshones led by Chief Washakie, who early
on saw the futility of sacrificing his people to try and stop the influx of
foreigners to the West. Moving to the
southern Wyoming route was fortuitous for the railroad, as seam after seam of
coal spawned coal camps populated by immigrant workers to mine the black
diamonds that fired the steam engines.
First was Carbon, established in Indian Territory in 1868,
mined by immigrants from Lancashire. Over six thousand tons of coal were
produced that first year. Higher grade coal was soon discovered in Hanna, which
was established in 1890, and by 1902 Carbon was almost a ghost town. Also in
1868 the Wardell brothers brought miners from Missouri to the alkali country of
Rock Spring [sic], where the coal looked to be trying to burst from the rocky
hills, just waiting to be mined.
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credit: Miners and mule by j3net_flickr
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In early days miners worked with a pick and seldom saw daylight, especially in the winter months, getting seven cents a bushel for coal. Each miner carried his own oil lamp, a shift of them looking like a swarm of fireflies as they made their way up the hill to work in the morning, and worked by the light of a carbide lamp attached to his cap. Mules, some worth upwards of $200, spent their entire lives hauling the coal carts on rails underground.
Children often worked in the coal mines as they had done
in their home countries of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Stooped to work in the tunnels, ten or more
hours a day, some had their spines fused in a bent-over position and that’s how
they walked their entire lives. There was some effort to allow the mine boys to
attend school, day classes in the summer and evening classes in the winter,
with reports of some finishing the eighth grade. In those days a boy became a man in the mine
and never left, often working his way up through various positions.
Rock Springs bills itself as the melting pot, and home to 56 nationalities. The reason for the city’s founding as well as its diversity, is the Union Pacific Railroad. In the days of violent labor unrest, many Chinese were brought in to work the mines and acquired the reputation of working for a lot less money and being able to survive on a bowl of rice. In 1885 there were 331 Chinese miners in Rock Springs and 150 of other nationalities.
The coal camp
of Superior was founded in 1906, Reliance in 1911. Winton’s mines were bought
in 1921. According to History of the Union Pacific Coal Mines 1868 to 1940,
from coal mining’s beginning in Wyoming in 1865 when a total of 800 tons were
mined to the end of the steam era, millions of tons of coal were mined in the
state.
